Top Down Listening Activities

Top Down Listening Activities Listening skill is a part of learning English language you must practice for improving your listening over time. The teaching listening skill is the most difficult. because the students are acquired every time and lots of practice. It is not learning in my class. What is the best Strategies for learning Listening skills. There are many activities of listening for my students. I try to tell my students you should be more hearer and be able apply Strategies to listening skills such as, watching the news on the television, listening a news on the radio or listening news from an English radio station , talking about the news with a friend ,get a film and listen to speech . It is one way communication I cannot check all understanding. The two way communications are the students focus on a teacher or native speaker. I would like to suggest a teaching Listening Strategies because Listening Strategies are activities that help understand and remember of listening. I help my students develop a listening skill with a Bottom up and Top down strategies. Top-down listening activities Do you ever get your students to predict the content of a listening activity beforehand, maybe using information about the topic or situation, pictures, or key words? If so, you are already helping them to develop their top-down processing skills, by encouraging them to use their knowledge of the topic to help them understand the content. This is an essential skill given that, in a real-life listening situation, even advanced learners are likely to come across some unknown vocabulary. By using their knowledge of context and co-text, they should either be able to guess the meaning of the unknown word, or understand the general idea without getting distracted by it. Other examples of common top-down listening activities include putting a series of pictures or sequence of events in order, listening to conversations and identifying where they take place, reading information about a topic then listening to find whether or not the same points are mentioned, or inferring the relationships between the people involved. Mary Underwood (1989). In my opinion, it is the best way for teaching listening English skills. I teach a Top down listening skills which I produce the following pictures. The topic : so, what are you going to do now? Firstly, I give them a question. Then listening to the dialogues. After that choose the correct sentences. Finally, my students present in the classroom. The Effectiveness: The students have to be able to hear what the other person is saying and easy to understand in the listening because they try just on only the main idea that they want to know from the question I gave. Like, they have the purpose on listening in each topic. Summary, Listening is one is way in communicative so if we listen in the right way is the best way to understanding what we are hearing. Listening teaching is them very important for student so teach them how to listen in the correct method step by step I think it is a good activity for listening because it is a guide for listening. my student like Top-down listening activities. I teach a Top down listening skill with a song. I give the information to guide for the teaching. The teaching listening skill from a song .There are many thinks in the song for example, vocabulary ,tense and a sentence. It is a challenge for my teaching and this one need innovation and creative for my teaching English because it not boring There are four stages for teach of song. The first, the pre listening. I tell my students they dont worry that they understand every word they hare. In the sentence you must understand for some word and I make sure my students know what they are listening for before I start the song. First, I explain they should concentrate only information they need. Next, I give a question to check my student comprehension of the details. Then, I check for any word that my students may not know. Finally, I select a song it isnt a difficult and not a long. While listening. There are three stages. The first , I play the tape of the song wall in your heart for my students in two time. The second, I tell my student take to note about people or place and what is happening in the song and what, when, why, where and how that they hear. The third, I divide my students in pair. Give a fill in the blanks to complete the song and my student listen again check and share their answers. Post listening, I tell my students to write a meaning and to make a list a new vocabulary of the wall in your heart song and compare their answers and discuss what they understood in the song. and practice a song. I open the song again and tell my students to call out stop when they hear the answers. I and my student sing a song WALL IN YOUR HEART together. The Effectiveness. My students have to be able hear what the song ,understand and happiness with a teaching listening skills. Summary, I am very happy for a teaching listening skills from a song. I saw my students happy and like strategies teaching listening skills of the song. Bottom-up listening activities The emphasis in EFL listening materials in recent years has been on developing top-down listening processes. There are good reasons for this given that learners need to be able to listen effectively even when faced with unfamiliar vocabulary or structures. However, if the learner understands very few words from the incoming signal, even knowledge about the context may not be sufficient for her to understand what is happening, and she can easily get lost. Of course, low-level learners may simply not have enough vocabulary or knowledge of the language yet, but most teachers will be familiar with the situation in which higher-level students fail to recognize known words in the stream of fast connected speech. Bottom-up listening activities can help learners to understand enough linguistic elements of what they hear to then be able to use their top-down skills to fill in the gaps. Underwood (1989). In my opinion, it is a one of a good strategies. I would like present a teaching for a bottom-up. Activity I I designed to help a remember the dividing between word an important bottom up a listening skill. I reads out number of a sentences and ark my students to write down how many words from a easy listening. A student asked to compare their answers in pairs before listening again to check. While listening they should write what they hear before remodeling the complete sentences. Some suitable sentences are : I am going to the market. What dose she do? What are you doing. Do you want some milk ? Can you tell me call? It is nice to meet you. May I help you. I paint picture of New York. They watch comedies He doesnt like it. What have you got ? Id better go soon. There isnt any coffee Let s have a party. The Effectiveness. My students have to be able hear what the listening are a sentence , understand and rebuilding a sentences. Summary, I think my students dont like a teaching listening skills from a bottom up strategies. Reflection Q1: How important is listening? My student just want to speak. My students give opinion Suprada said that : Listening is very important for learning language. When you unable listening you cannot success for conversation. Somchai said that : The listening is important in the learning. Q2: My student hate listening to recording. Is there an acceptable alternative such as reading the transcripts to them aloud. When I taught a listening skill. There are many problem to listening from the recording. I asks my students. Nattaveeranuch said that : I want to listen to the music. I like it because everybody enjoy with a song. Suriya said that : I like listen a news and a music from TV. Chanel Poramase said that : I like listen to native speaker. I like talking with AJ. David. I am very happy when he understand me. Q3: When I do a listening activity in class, the students get frustrated if they cant understand every word. How can discourage them from trying to do this? I would like to tell my student dont worry because it is the second language. You can try listen to a news or a music from radio for a few minute everyday. Q4: My students say that they like listening to songs, but I am not sure that this is a good idea. Should I let them, and, if so, is there an effective way of using song? There are many effective of using a song .My student know a new vocabulary and a sentence. Q5: My course book listening texts sound a bit stilted and unnatural. Is there a good reason for this, and is there a viable alternation? There are many alternation for example, Teaching from song , see the sound tact and a listen to native speaker. Q6: My student complain that they can understand recordings is the classroom, but that they have problems understanding real people when they talk to them. How can I help them with this? Active Listening Steps Make eye contact/Follow speaker Look the speaker in the eyes. When the speaker is addressing a large group (e.g., during a lecture or presentation), eye contact will not be possible. In this case, follow the speakers movements.   Summarize what the speaker is saying Summarize every few sentences by stating the main ideas. Take notes, if this is helpful. Make connections Link what you are hearing to what you already know. Ask and answer questions Check your understanding of what youre hearing by asking questions about what you are hearing. If you can answer the questions, you understand the material. If you cant answer the questions, you need to ask the speaker for help.

The Role of Literature in Cultural and Society Development

Jibran Khalil Jibran once said, â€Å"All our words are but crumbs that fall down from the feast of the mind. † It is in everyone, it’s locked away, hidden and for the gifted, it comes out to give us the very languages we are using today. Literature, like music and film and theatre, is an art. As a matter of fact the purest form of art. Life, for many if not all, in scales that vary is pretty much the same journey measured by experiences, fortune, luck and love. We cannot all express them in a poetic or artistic manner but we all experience them nonetheless. Most of us go through this wicked and unmerciful thing called life without ever being able to express those fortunate moments and hardships to others and more importantly to ourselves. We have reached an age where generations no longer pay mind to literature in a direct and hands on way. The new generation, including myself, doesn’t explore the poet within, as cliche as this may sound. Speeches from our presidents and world leaders don’t sound like they were fabricated from something real. They were written by politicians and campaign specialists whose aim is to shock and awe, but sadly with facts and numbers, not with the humane and sentimental approach for which speeches and words were meant. The role of literature in society is to help enhance our way of thinking and perceiving our surroundings. It heightens our level of expression and speaking. You simply become that much more articulate and creative! Almost every book or novel that we read results in a push to our perception of life. In Milton Albrecht's â€Å"The Relationship of Literature and Society†, he adequately states that literature â€Å"reflects† society; its supposed converse is that literature influences or â€Å"shapes† society. On a daily basis we come across some kind of literary event. Something you could write a poem about, maybe even a book. More often than not they are overlooked, but it’s the creative minds that will always seize these moments and grant us the literature that will always help us relate. We live in a world where we desperately need a lifeline or a beacon that will always remind us that we are not robots or corporate machines. We live in a world where people want to escape their daily responsibilities and commitments to something more heartfelt. We live in a world where we absolutely and undeniably need literature! While it is physically written in words, these words come alive in the imagination of the mind, and its ability to comprehend the complexity or simplicity of the text. Literature enables people to see through the lenses of others, and sometimes even inanimate objects; therefore, it becomes a looking glass into the world as others view it. Like Thomas Edison came up with electricity, like Alexander Graham Bell gave us the telephone and like Mark Zuckerberg invented FACEBOOK, literature perhaps started with man discovering his ability to create. When this happened he realized that he could not only express his emotions in writing but in the process deliver messages of import to society carefully hidden in beautiful and crafted words. He decided that he could play with words to entertain and captivate people who would read them. In the olden days distance was of course a problem and so maintaining a history of world literature was impossible. People in different parts of the world, using different languages and writing in different periods of time tackled literature differently. This has left us with books and creations that enrich our society and our heritage as a race. Even the most voracious reader can never hope to read all the books out there. There must be a reason for that, shouldn’t there? I mean many customs and cultures have withered over the centuries, many habits and arts have withdrawn into the abyss. But not literature! Literature inspires whole nations to rebel and change. This is the power of literature. It shapes, it moulds and in the process entertains. It helps us learn about human nature in all its foibles and greatness; it lets us learn about the human past and our own pasts, and about other cultures. When we discover literature we can travel to any place at any time, even to the future, and see how others view the same world. It helps people get an in-depth view of life in someone else’s shoes, whether it’s the writer’s or someone else’s, may it be fiction or based on real life experiences. Whatever the case may be, reading a book, for instance, can put you in a totally different world, so foreign to you that you are bound to learn something from. Reading, in my opinion, affects you on a much more personal level than watching a movie, therefore, after reading a book or any other piece of literature, the reader gains something which in turn he or she will inevitably bring into society whether it is a point-of-view, a new outlook or simply added knowledge or information. That person will carry what he/she learned on with them for years to come or probably forever and will most likely pass it on to other people and they in time will also pass n that newly acquired â€Å"crumb† of knowledge, causing a chain reaction of knowledge, if you will. After all, knowledge is one of the very few things that can never be taken away from you, and once anything is learned it inexorably triggers a change in that person, small or big, good or bad, that change will unavoidably occur and be brought with that person into society affecting how he or she would choose to converse with and/or treat others, how they would react to and handle cert ain situations and possibly the basis of their decision-making. All of these things, in one way or another will most definitely have an impact on society as a whole and on its individual units. Literature and writing, though obviously connected, are not synonymous. Several pieces of literature that left a mark on our culture and society were passed down through oral tradition before they were ever fixed in written form. Take Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey that was dated all the way back to the late Bronze Age and handed down through different cultures by oral tradition before ever taking a written form. Regardless of the form that literature may take, whether it’s in form of a novel or poem, movie or music, or just a simple oral form, it is undeniable that it bares several advantages for the person that actually takes the time to understand and appreciate it and eventually share it with others. You know? I may not be the most suitable person to be giving this speech or preaching about the importance of literature. I may not have experienced the true hardships and joys of life. But one thing I believe is that no matter when I express this importance, be it today or in 50 years after life has taken its toll on me, it will always be true. Novels, books, words and literature are here to forever and always shake the very foundation of our world. To shake us, rattle us in hopes that those crumbs that Jibran spoke of would fall into a page and form future cultures and societies to come. People nowadays, including myself sometimes, can be so apathetic and indifferent to our society and its people and oblivious to the fact that literature and education in general is a tool that can change that apathy and help shape us to become more well-rounded individuals that are somewhat free of the ignorance that can so easily destroy us without us even knowing it. The sad but apparent truth is that people these days don’t give reading and literature their just significance, most people probably never will, maybe it’s because of all the available distractions such as social networking and he like. The only solution for this problem is for previous generations to enlighten this generation on the importance of literature and how it can affect our society instead of constantly criticizing it. In the end, the people that criticize our generation forget who raised it, but that’s a different issue for a different time. I cannot be emphatic enough when stressing the importance of literature and reading and the rewards they so inconspicuously possess. After all, the famous author Mark Twain once said, â€Å"The man who does not read books has no advantage over the man that cannot read them. †

How The Muscular System Enables Movement For The Body

How the muscular system enables movement for the body The muscular system enables the body to carry out all kinds of movements such as extension, rotation, abduction, adduction and flexion. For example the bicep helps to flex the arm and triceps help to extend the arm (working antagonistically). Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. The muscles contract to allow movement, while the skeleton gives the muscles support. Without muscles we would be able to move. Antagonistic pairs: Antagonistic pairs of muscles allow movement of parts of the body due to one muscle relaxing and the other muscle contracting. For example as the arm flexes the bicep contracts and the triceps relaxes which makes the bicep and tricep an antagonistic pair. Skeletal muscles always work in groups; they never work on their own. Agonist and antagonist: An agonist is a muscle which contracts while the other relaxes in an antagonistic pair. For example, when the arm flexes at the elbow joint the bicep is the agonist because hat muscle is contracting. An antagonist muscle is the muscle which relaxes as the other muscle contracts. For example, when the arm flexes at the elbow joint the tricep relaxes. Fixator – Muscles stabilise parts of the body to give the prime muscles a firmer base to work on. Synergist –this type of muscle works with another muscle to create a movement also like antagonistic pair muscles except as one muscle contracts another muscle does not necessarily relax to help flexShow MoreRelatedMuscular System . Muscles Attach To The Skeleton By Tendons.1359 Words   |  6 PagesMuscular System Muscles attach to the skeleton by tendons. Muscle tissue is responsible for the mechanical process of movement. The 650 muscles are given Latin names according to location, relative size, shape and their action. Muscles are signaled to contract via nerve impulses. 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Analysis of Tina Rosenbergs Everyone Speaks Text Message...

â€Å"Everyone Speaks Text Message appeared in an American daily newspaper, The New York Times, on December 9, 2011. Author, Tina Rosenberg, a Senior Fellow at the World Policy Institute, in â€Å"Everyone Speaks Text Message† implores her readers to contemplate preserving their native language and presents digital technology as the ultimate solution. Rosenberg targets linguistic minorities and the readers of The New York Times as her audience. The author’s main purpose is to inform the readers that numerous indigenous languages such as N’Ko are fading away, and efforts towards saving them must be initiated. She examines the problems faced by N’Ko, and then she concludes the essay by discussing efforts put forth by the native people to save†¦show more content†¦This is essential in asserting the author’s creditability. This quotation explains about the fact that digital technology is effective in rekindling dying languages and scripts such as N’Ko. The story of Traore’s personal experience allows the essay to be more compelling as it helps to make Traore’s story more relatable and credible to the average audience, and awards the readers with an intriguing piece of writing. Rosenberg’s approach of using real life examples works because her audience wants to hear firsthand accounts of other cultures that have either dealt or are dealing with the issue of preserving their indigenous language. She uses the story of Traore to raise interest among audience regarding this topic. By the use of anecdotes, Rosenberg makes Traore’s story more relatable and credible to her audience of linguistic minorities. Rosenberg uses imagery to strengthen her article’s purpose and convey her message to her audience. In the introductory paragraph, Rosenberg introduces N’Ko with the help of imagery in order to appeal to the audience promptly. Rosenberg says, â€Å" N’Ko looks like a cross between Arabic and ancient Norse runes, written from right to left in blocky script with the letters connected underneath† (Rosenberg 267). She tries to describe the visual image of N’Ko script, which allows the audience to visualize the written N’Ko script, which increases readers’

Gandhi s Socio Political Thoughts By Non Violence

GANDHI’S SOCIO-POLITICAL THOUGHTS BY NON-VIOLENCE *Meenu Sharma Research Scholar, Dept. of History, Meerut College, Meerut Abstract— In the study of history of human civilization it is found that there was a continuous trend of torturing the weak by more powerful individuals or groups, exploitation of the poor by the rich and landed people, neglect of the illiterate by the educated people, socially overpowering women by men and as such injustices. Such social injustices are a constant source of discontent giving rise to conflicts. Instead of solving those conflicts they were always suppressed. In the progress of civilization and development of humanistic attitude, people are now gradually getting more and more concerned with Human Rights that demand social justice to all sections of the society. Extreme poverty and illiteracy among a major section of the population is the greatest tragedy for India. Also, in the global context a reasonable economic order through equitable distribution of wealth among different nations and more particularly among the people of the same country is very much needed t o avoid conflicts and clashes. Keeping aside these basic facts, only a slogan for â€Å"peace† can’t change the society. In this context, Gandhian socio-political thought based on nonviolence can go a long way towards solving these problems. Key words- Ahimsa, Enlightened Anarchy, Village swaraj, Trusteeship, Sarvodaya 1. INTRODUCTION Gandhi’s political ideas are unique because heShow MoreRelatedIndi The Civilization Of India2271 Words   |  10 PagesIndia completely. I chose to do this country because I have always been intrigued by its beauty and people. The Indus valley civilization saw it as a holy land now known as India around 2500 BC. The people inhabiting the Indus River valley were thought to be Dravidians, whose descendants later migrated to the south of India. 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Communications and Information Technology and Legislation Free Essays

Aistear is the curriculum framework for children from birth to six years. The Framework helps children grow and develop as confident and competent learners through fun, interesting and challenging experiences. The Aistear Toolkit is the place where you can access lots of practical resources online to help you get started with using Aistear. We will write a custom essay sample on Communications and Information Technology and Legislation or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the topics discussed on the Aistear toolkit is learning through play. Children love to play and these resources will help a teacher to support children to learn through their play as suggested throughout the curriculum. We will now review one of the Aistear videos named Planning and Organising Play. The video is produced by an infant teacher. The teacher looks at pedagogical framing and her experiences of planning and organising her own classroom. There are many excellent suggestions as to how to set up play in a class room environment which I will explain next, however there are one or two weaknesses that if I was given the opportunity I would change to this video. Overall the video is very helpful and it does give excellent advice from an experienced infant teacher that would be like gold dust to an inexperienced teacher new to this profession. We will name the teacher Mary for the purpose of this critique as Aistear does not state the name of the presenter. Mary looks at pedagogical framing which she states lays the foundations for play. She calls it behind the scene work. According to Mary it includes the provision of resources, arrangement of space, and the establishment of daily routines, thematic planning and assessment. Mary communicates her message across in an orderly and mannerly tone. She is easy to listen to and reminds me of a teacher that I had many years ago wise and well experienced. I would be confident to implement her suggestions just by the tone of her voice. If I had one negative point in relation to the speaker that would be that she does not appear at any point throughout the video. It would be nice to be able to connect with her as she explains her view. The video has many strengths and I found many parts very helpful for planning play activities in the past. Mary uses her past experiences to help give advice with planning and organising a class room. The video starts by recommending different play areas that could be introduced into the classroom, Mary recommends that the teacher should choose five or six areas for the academic year. Such as sand area, water area, block area, small world, creative and social dramatic areas. Mary takes each play area that she recommends and explains the benefits of using these for the children’s learning and development. Using her experience she explains that the sand area works very well in her classroom, she goes on to explain that sand areas are excellent for small group play and that it encourages the children to use their imagination. Her advice is very helpful when she suggests that the children should select other resources from other types of play e. g. small world. I found her suggestions very helpful when planning my own activities and my learning goals were achieved when using the ideas from this video. The video explains the learning goals that can be achieved using these play areas such as having a sand area in the class room creates a learning environment, children learn sorting, counting and learn mathematical questions naturally. When I was planning activities and trying to introduce the Aistear themes such as Exploring and Thinking I introduced the sand activity to help the children understand concepts such as matching, ordering, counting, sorting, and capacity in an enjoyable and meaningful way. Mary explains that by using a water area for play it arouses the children’s curiosity and that whilst children play in the water area they are verbally interacting together. Asking questions and making comments bring forward ideas and suggestions and helps groups agree on solutions. She talks about real life or imaginative experiences using the blocks area. That play must be purposeful. This is very relevant to Aistear as throughout the Aistear curriculum it is suggested that play must have meaning so that the children will achieve there learning goals. Mary explains all the areas of play in great detail and links are evident throughout that the Aistear Curriculum is at the heart of this video, however if you as a viewer were not familiar with the curriculum and were using this video to help you to create your activity plans your plans would not meet the level that the curriculum would expect because the video does not make any distinct links to the actual layout of the Aistear curriculum. She does not mention the themes such as Well-being, Identity and Belonging, Communicating or Exploring and Thinking. The play areas that are mentioned do cover the learning goals for the themes and for an inexperienced person training to be a teacher they would not make this connection. If the video had captions throughout of the themes it would link the curriculum and the video perfectly. The Curriculum is designed around different age groups (birth to six years). The video does not mention the age groups or how each play area could be used for the different age categories. Throughout the Aistear Curriculum examples are given for babies, toddlers and young children and Mary does not implement this important distinction in the video once. The video suggests types of play that are low cost for materials and easy to set up using everyday items. The teacher recommends that the play areas be changed annually to prevent boredom for the teacher and the children. However the teacher recommends that the socio dramatic area should always be present in the classroom but does not explain why. Mary talks about the physical layout of the classroom finally which I feel was not necessary as there is a separate video in the toolkit which explores this topic in great detail. The video in my opinion is not long enough for this topic to be mentioned. This time could have been allocated to the Aistear themes and how they were achieved using the play areas discussed throughout the video. Overall the video has many useful ideas that can easily be taken and used to create a playful environment but I feel from all the information available to me that there is not a strong enough connection between the actually hard copy of Aistear and the video. References: Aistear Curriculum www.ncca.ie Aistear Toolkit www.ncca.ie/aisteartoolkit‎ Video: Planning and Organising Play http://vimeo.com/21112275 How to cite Communications and Information Technology and Legislation, Essays

Cengage Learning

Questions: 1.explain (do not simply define) meaning.2. Why is word clarity necessary for thought clarity? 3.What are the characteristics of a good word definition? Give an example of a good one and a poor one. 4. Why is it that when we select a word to use, we must not only consider its definition but also its connotation?5. Explain the two stages of critical reading and explain with an example why critical reading is important. Answers: 1. The word meaning is a general term and refers to the idea, which is represented by a phrase and word. It can also be deciphered as the idea, which an individual wants to communicate, by utilizing signs and words. It can also encompass definition and elements. In linguistics, it is communicated through the utilization of language (Mayfield, 2014). 2. Word clarity is necessary for thought clarity because words are more powerful and they invoke a very strong image in the minds of the individuals. Most of the persons do not give words with the credit they deserve, that is why the individuals should not utter without considering the the consequences initially (Mayfield, 2014). 3. The characteristics of a good word definition include the clarity and comprehensibility. A good word definition should be easily understood by the readers and must clearly signify the idea or thought that is being shared to the readers. The example of a good word is epitome and example of a bad word is damn (Mayfield, 2014). 4. When we select a word to use, we must not only consider its definition but also its connotation because connotations are the thoughts, feeling, associations or images that the words waken in the individuals. For e.g. we should use the words like childlike or youthful to describe childlike behavior and should not use the world like kiddish (Mayfield, 2014). 5. The two stages of critical reading encompasses before reading and after reading the text. The individuals need to scrutinize the piece to get a thought of what the text is all about and what is the main argument in it. Critical reading is important because it provides us with the ability to reinterpret and restructure for enhance clarity (Mayfield, 2014). References Mayfield, M. (2014).Thinking for yourself. Cengage Learning.