Profile of World Food Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Profile of World Food Organizations - Assignment Example FAO is as of now occupied with food security programs and is endeavoring to diminish hunger on the planet in accordance with the Millennium Development Goals. Through various overall projects, FAO is advancing substantial and successful answers for yearning, destitution and undernourishment. FAO is presently subsidizing interest in agribusiness. This is through the advancement of provincial improvement in creating nations through distinguishing horticultural arrangements that are manageable. It prepares assets from World Bank, local advancement banks among other multilateral establishments. (FAO, 2003) The World Food Program has its central station in Rome, Italy. Its supervisory crew individuals incorporate an Executive board having delegates from the thirty six part states. Ertharin Cousin is the present Executive Director. She is the leader of the WFP secretariat. The WFP is financed by the European Union and different gifts that are made deliberately by the different governments on the planet, private benefactors and partnerships. The association is presently engaged with the coordination of pilot venture, Purchase for Progress, which targets helping the ranchers get to the agrarian market. WFP is additionally moving in the direction of improving the creation in agribusiness of the ranchers in the creating nations through farming financing. UNDP has its home office in New York City. The supervisory crew individuals involve a manager, Helen Clark, a partner director, Rebeca Grynspan and various right hand overseers including Tegegnework Gettuâ from Ethiopia for Africa, Sima Sami Bahous speaking to the Arab States, Cihan Sultanoäÿluâ from Europe, Ajay Chhibberâ representing Asia and the Pacifc, Heraldo Munoz Valenzuelaâ representing the Caribbean and the Latin America. At the Bureau of Management is Jens Wandelâ from Denmark. UNDP whenever financed significantly by private benefactors, governments and individuals.

Determination of Brand Personality Dimensions Essay

Theoretical This examination was led to (I) distinguish brand character measurements of a PC software engineering understudies; (ii) inspect huge contrasts in the brand character measurements of the PC as per the students’ foundation of sex, brand possessed, year of study and projects; and (iii) analyze the connection between saw brand character of the PC and its quality rating. The estimation of brand character depended on the Aaker’s Brand Personality Scale. An aggregate of 268 surveys were assembled from software engineering understudies in a Malaysian state funded college utilizing Stratified Random Sampling strategy. Corroborative factor examination was utilized to approve the estimation. The discoveries uncovered that genuineness was ‘the human characteristic’ that clients of the PC related themselves with the brand. Roughness was a brand character that nonusers related themselves with the PC. Huge methods contrasts were seen in the brand character measurements of the PC as indicated by the students’ sexual orientation, present year of study and scholarly program. For clients of the PC, genuineness and present day of the brand character measurements were decidedly related with the brand quality rating. For non-clients, a constructive connection existed between roughness, persevering and current of the brand character with the brand quality rating. A few ramifications were drawn dependent on the consequences of the exploration to upgrade marking methodologies of the PC and for future investigates. Catchphrases: Brand Personality, Brand Personality Scale, Laptop Computer Copyright ? 2  A number of analysts have inspected the achievement and disappointment of a brand. In any case, one zone of marking system that has been to a great extent disregarded by analysts is brand character. At the point when purchasers see a brand as having human qualities, the brand is said to have a character. For example, brands, for example, Harley Davidson (Ruggedness), Nike (Excitement), Hallmark (Sincerity), Wall Street Journal (Competence) and Tiffany (Sophistication) have all been found to have solid brand characters. However, what sort of character attributes would a PC have? The PC in Malaysia is confronting serious difficulties among 30 diverse PC from around the globe, for example, Acer, Lenovo, Dell, HP, Compaq, Twin Head and such more. With the quick going inquires about and advancements, this opposition gets trickier for PC where every one of them attempt to make diverse way of life as the motivation to get remarkable in the market. This is imperative since all solid PC brands (e. g. Dell, Acer, and HP) have exceptional quality, administrations and simultaneously allowing the guarantees they provided for the customers. Brand character gets obligatory to make better correspondence with their clients through their personality. Because of the forceful rivalry between PC computer’s organization, brand character causes them to fabricate their own character and picture so as to become remarkable execute according to the customers. An entrenched brand character will impact consumers’ brand inclination and support and creates more grounded passionate ties, trust, and devotion with the brand. Subsequently, the reason for this exploration is to decide the brand character of a PC understudies of software engineering in a state funded college in Malaysia. In particular, in the primary target, we hoped to check whether this PC have a brand character and the subsequent goal is to distinguish how this character varies as indicated by the segment foundation of its clients and clients of different brands. In conclusion, in the third target we researched the connection between the PC saw character and its apparent quality appraisals.  What is brand character? As characterized by Aaker (1997), brand character alludes to the arrangement of human attributes related with a brand. Aaker expect that the brands are the equivalent with the human character or character, and the brand character is made when a shopper connected their character like character to a particular brand. As indicated by Hawkins, et al (2001), brand character can be considered as â€Å"what sort of individual the brand would be in the event that it were human and what it would do and like†. Copyright ? 2012 Society of Interdisciplinary Business Research (www. sibresearch. organization) Rev. Integr. Transport. Econ. Res. Vol 1(1) 2. 2 116 Brand as an individual/representative use As recommended by Aaker (1997), brand character is made in the viewpoint of brand as an individual. It has a similar idea with Hawkins, Best, and Coney (2001) where they expect that the brand to be a human and each human has his own character. Past such desires, purchasers frequently contribute brands’ characters with human character properties, and this thus prompts the emblematic utilization of the brand (Hawkins et al. , 2001). As per Aaker (1996), by expecting the brand as an individual, it can make a self-expressive advantage that turns into a vehicle for the client to communicate their own character. For instance, Apple scratch pad clients may recognize themselves as easygoing, youthful, against corporate and inventive. Consequently, a brand have a character when clients esteem past its practical utility and shoppers will utilize marks as emblematic gadgets to clarify and communicate their own specific character (de Chernatony and McWilliam, 1990). 2. 3 Aaker’s Brand Personality Scale In request to quantify brand character, Aaker (1997) had built up a 42-thing scale by killing repetition from attribute list optioned from three sources †character scales from analysts, character scales utilized by advertisers (scholastics and professionals), and unique subjective examines.

How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your System

How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your System Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit Print How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your System? Nicotine in Your Blood, Urine, Hair, Saliva By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Armeen Poor, MD on January 30, 2020 Armeen Poor, MD, is a board-certified pulmonologist and intensivist. He specializes in pulmonary health, critical care, and sleep medicine. Learn about our Medical Review Board Armeen Poor, MD on January 30, 2020 krisanapong detraphiphat/ Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Effects Duration Detection Times Elimination Symptoms of Overdose Getting Help View All Back To Top If you are applying for a new job or looking to find life or health insurance, dont be surprised if you have to take a drug test, which may also include testing for nicotine. In fact, smoke-free hiring practices have become increasingly common. Depending on where you live, you can legally be denied a job due to your nicotine habits.?? Nicotine is a highly addictive substance that is found in all tobacco products, including cigarettes, pipes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff, but many people dont realize that e-cigarettes and vapes contain nicotine as well. While nicotine is not considered a controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), it is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 in the United States. Some states have raised the minimum age to 21.?? Your body breaks down  nicotine  into many chemicals, including cotinine, which can also be detected in certain tests. Cotinine is only found in your body if you have processed nicotine and, in general, it stays in the body longer than nicotine itself. How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your System? Urine: Up to four daysBlood: Up to four daysSaliva: Up to four daysHair: Up to 90 days What You Should Know About Nicotine How Long Does It Take to Feel Effects? Nicotine acts quickly in the body. When smoked, the substance enters the bloodstream and makes it to the brain within 20 seconds.?? Nicotine is a stimulant, but smokers often experience paradoxical feelings of relaxation even though the substance actually increases activity in the central nervous system. The effects of nicotine depend on how the drug is administered. Chewing or snorting nicotine-containing products can cause more of the substance to be released in the body than if it was smoked.   After its taken, people quickly experience a surge in adrenaline that has a stimulating effect on the body, increasing blood pressure and heart rate. It also increases the levels of a brain chemical called dopamine, which can improve mood and increase feelings of pleasure. How Long Does Nicotine Last? Nicotine has a half-life of about two hours. The half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of a dose to be eliminated from the body.?? When nicotine is smoked as a cigarette or other tobacco product, it is mostly absorbed into the body through the lungs. Less often, nicotine is absorbed through the membranes in the mouth and throat. If you chew tobacco or use nicotine gum, lozenges, or patches, nicotine can also be absorbed in your gastrointestinal tract or skin. Nicotine is mainly metabolized in the liver, but also in the lungs and kidneys. It is excreted mostly via urine through the kidneys, and some nicotine is excreted in feces. Nicotine can also be found in saliva and hair. As your body metabolizes nicotine, it is broken down by liver enzymes into metabolites that include cotinine.  Nicotine tests usually look for cotinine rather than for nicotine itself. There are several testing options for the detection of nicotine. Urine The amount of cotinine in your urine will vary depending on how frequently and how much you use nicotine. On average, nicotine can be detected in urine for about three days. Regular smokers may have detectable levels for as long as 15 to 20 days.?? Done at home or in a lab, results are back within 24 hours to five days. Blood Blood tests can detect nicotine as well as its metabolites including cotinine and anabasine. Nicotine itself may be present in the blood for only 48 hours, while cotinine may be detectable for up to three weeks.?? After blood is drawn in a lab, results can take from two to 10 days. Saliva Saliva tests can also be used to detect the presence of nicotine for about 24 hours. Cotinine can be detected for up to seven days after the last use or up to 14 days in heavy smokers.?? Dry mouth or excessive salivation are two issues that can sometimes pose problems with collecting a sample. A technician will swab the inside of your mouth and test oral fluids for nicotine. Results can take 24 to 72 hours. Hair As with other substances, hair follicle testing can detect the presence of nicotine for a much longer period of time. This method tends to be less common, however, because it is usually more expensive. Done at home or in a lab, the test requires the removal of a small amount of hair to be tested for repeated nicotine use over the last 90 days. Results typically take one to five days. False Positive Testing A compound called thiocyanate, which is found in some medications and foods including broccoli, garlic, radishes, almonds, and cabbage, can result in a false positive blood test result.  Vegetarians may have elevated levels of this substance in their blood due to increased consumption of thiocyanate-containing foods, which may trigger a false-positive test result. Exposure to second-hand smoke is usually not enough to trigger a false-positive result, but being exposed to frequent or very high levels of second-hand smoke may cause someone to test positive for nicotine use. Such results are likely very rare, however. Factors That Affect Detection Time How long nicotine is detectable in the body largely depends on the type of test being used. Test Type Timeframe for Nicotine Detection (Estimated, Post-Use) Urine test Two to four days Blood test Two to four days Saliva test One to four days Hair follicle test Up to 90 days Estimated is the keyword here. Since each persons body processes nicotine differently, it is nearly impossible to determine a timeframe of detection with 100% confidence. Factors that can affect how quickly your body deals with nicotine include: Age: As you get older, its more difficult for your body to excrete nicotine.Body mass: Nicotine can be stored in fatty tissue, so the more body fat you have, the longer nicotine may be detectable in your body.Hydration level: Drinking water can speed up the secretion of nicotine.Level of physical activity: Nicotine is excreted faster in individuals who are more physically active and have higher metabolisms.Type, frequency, and history of use: Nicotine accumulates in the body, so the more you use, the longer it can take to leave your body. Smoking vs. Vaping vs. Chewing How nicotine is administered may have an impact on how much of the substance is delivered. Because vaping is a relatively recent development, there has been little research to determine how it compares to smoking regular cigarettes and if it delivers the same amount of nicotine. One study that compared nicotine doses between heavy smokers and e-cigarette users found that vaping devices are effective at delivering nicotine but at slightly lower levels than regular cigarettes.??   Chew and dip tobacco products, on the other hand, contain higher levels of nicotine than regular cigarettes. The exact amount absorbed (and therefore how much needs to be eliminated) can depend on factors including the brand of tobacco, the acidity level of the product, and the amount chewed. Blood serum levels are about the same when comparing smokeless tobacco use to that of regular cigarettes.?? Regardless of the method of administration, detection rates depend largely on the amount and frequency of use. How Nicotine Affects Your Body How to Get Nicotine Out of Your System The first step in getting nicotine out of your system is to completely stop using all products that contain it. The longer you keep using tobacco products, the longer the substance can be detected in your body. Once you have stopped using nicotine, there are some steps you can take that may speed up how quickly the drug is excreted from your system. Stay hydrated. Drinking plenty of water will help remove nicotine and its metabolites from your body through urine.Eat healthily. Sticking to a nutritious diet that includes plenty of antioxidant-containing foods may speed up how quickly nicotine is removed from your system.Exercise. Regular physical activity can increase your metabolism and increase the rate at which the drug is processed and cleared from your body. You may see products and herbal supplements marketed to speed up the nicotine elimination process, but none of these have been verified or approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Symptoms of Overdose Ingesting too much nicotine can result in nicotine poisoning. Nicotine tests may also be performed in cases where nicotine poisoning is suspected. Nicotine poisoning has been on the rise with the growing use of e-cigarettes. Symptoms of nicotine poisoning can include: Excessive salivationElevated blood pressureIncrease heart rateRapid breathingSweatingNauseaVomitingStomachacheHeadacheDizzinessTremorsConfusion Most nicotine poisoning cases used to involve young children who got their hands on nicotine gum or patches. Although most cases are still in kids, adult cases are also now being reported more often due to e-cigarette use.?? A spill of electronic nicotine solution (e-juice) can cause nicotine to be absorbed into the skin, which can also lead to poisoning. Consequently, the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) recommends the following safety tips for users of e-cigarettes: Protect your skin when handling the products.Keep e-cigarettes and liquid nicotine out of the reach of children.Follow the disposal instructions on the label.If someone has been exposed, call 1-800-222-1222 immediately. Getting Help If you are worried about whether or not nicotine will show up in a drug test, it might be the perfect time to get serious about quitting. While there are no easy, pain-free ways to kick your nicotine habit, there are plenty of resources to help you develop a solid smoking cessation plan. Because nicotine can lead to physical and psychological dependence, stopping your use of the substance can result in withdrawal. These symptoms may include: Intense nicotine cravingsFatigueHeadacheNauseaIncreased hungerPoor concentrationIrritabilityInsomniaDepressionAnxiety Such symptoms can be intense at first but decline in severity after three to five days.?? There are a number of smoking cessation treatments that can help you get through the withdrawal period and improve long-term abstinence. Nicotine-replacement therapy, such as the nicotine patch, can help you slowly reduce your nicotine intake and ease withdrawal symptoms.   Talk to your doctor for advice and assistance if you are ready to give up tobacco. You can also visit Smokefree.gov for smoking cessation programs, apps, and other resources. What to Expect From Nicotine Withdrawal

The Character of Bendick in Much Ado About Nothing Essay

Explore the Development of Benedicks character throughout the play. The character ‘Benedick changes dramatically throughout Shakespeares Much Ado about Nothing. It is the character ‘Beatrice who invokes these changes into Benedick. At the beginning of the play Benedick appears to be an aristocratic soldier who is witty and intelligent. It is clear Benedick has a reputation as a noble soldier and brave man merely from the messengers comments: He hath done good service, lady, in these wars. Benedick has a continuing merry war of wits with Beatrice, who sees him as chauvinistic and arrogant. However, the attraction is evident as both bring up the other out of the blue. Benedick rests largely on his own judgments rather than the†¦show more content†¦There is a dramatic transformation in Benedick and he even admits he should amend his faults for her. Benedick would not have changed for a woman, especially Beatrice, at the beginning of the play. Because the men appealed to Benedicks ‘hunter gatherer side, he believes that Beatrice sho uld be pitied and loved. He begins to speak from prose to verse, which linguistically shows his transformation. In act 4, in preparation for the wedding, the men arrive to find Benedick sadder than usual. Claudio claims this is because Benedick is in love, he does not deny these charges, although he claims his mood is due to: a toothache. He asks for a ‘private word with Leonato, which indicates to the audience that is more than just an attraction to her, and that he wants advice from a ‘worldly wise gentleman. The change is Benedick is never so apparent as in Heros social ruin. He is one of the only men to stand by hero. Rather than go with the strong group of men, he decides to stick by Beatrice, which shows his growing commitment to her. However the fact he also choose to keep Heros secret, the audience could see this as Benedick turning into a typical ‘knight in shining amour character. When Beatrice and Benedick admit their love for one another, they switch from their regular witty banter, to a very emotional and romantic portrayal of aShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing And Romeo And Juliet1159 Words   |  5 Pagesconsisted of repeating plans of how each characters would function and interact with one another to lead to up to an opposing conclusion. Individual plays like Much Ado About Nothing and Romeo and Juliet demonstrate the connections between the similar actions, characters , and events that take place within different playwrights. However; even though writings like Much Ado About Nothing and Romeo and Juliet share many plot , events and characters , they’ve gained opposing genres ; one whichRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing many events dealing with gossip, perplexion, and rumors. In the 1993 film900 Words   |  4 PagesMuch Ado About Nothing many events dealing with gossip, perplexion, and rumors. In the 1993 film version, mainly emphasizes on the confusion that the characters have. In Shakespeare’s day, the â€Å"nothing† would have been pronounced as â€Å"noting† meaning gossiping. Claudio questions, â€Å"Didst thou note the daughter of Leonato?† to which Benedick responses, â€Å"I noted her not, but I looked on her.† He at that juncture initiates to sort jokes about her look. It is a stimulating argument since Claudio claimsRead MoreGender Roles In Much Ado About Nothing1059 Words   |  5 Pages This essay is an exploration of the play Much Ado About Nothing, and the gender roles involved in the deceit and trickery that transpire and develop throughout the story. As gender is one of the main themes in the plot, identifying the expected gender roles of the characters, and how the contrast between characters highlights these expected roles. In Shakespeare s time, known as the Elizabethan Era, men and women’s roles and expectations were starkly different. Elizabethan women, no matter whatRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing. Character Tracker. Character. Who1401 Words   |  6 PagesMuch Ado About Nothing Character Tracker Character Who is s/he? Position/ relationships to other characters How is s/he characterized? Major traits Major conflicts/concerns/changes Act I Act II Act III Act IV Act IV Beatrice Leonato’s niece and Hero’s cousin. Beatrice is â€Å"a pleasant-spirited lady† with a very sharp tongue. She is generous and loving, but, like Benedick, continually mocks other people with elaborately tooled jokes and puns. She has a battle of wits with BenedickRead More Much Ado About Nothing Essay: Love Found and Conflict Resolved1972 Words   |  8 PagesFound and Conflict Resolved in Much Ado About Nothing      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Much Ado About Nothing is a lighthearted play that Shakespeare wrote between 1598 and 1600. It has been described as one of his more mature romantic comedies (Bevington, 216). This play focuses on two different relationships, formed by two pairs of lovers. The comparison between how people went about getting married back then and how they do it now is similar in some ways. Much Ado About Nothing portrays the manner in which peopleRead MoreThe Character of Claudio in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing1913 Words   |  8 PagesThe Character of Claudio in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado about Nothing is not unlike other Shakespearean comedies. These stories usually deal with the main idea of young people who are in love with each other. They encounter difficulties which they have to deal with so that they can both live together, happily ever after. In Much Ado about Nothing, Claudio and Hero are the young characters in the play, who along with other characters struggleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing3289 Words   |  14 Pagesat heart and ethereal to the rigid and formal. The title, Much Ado About Nothing, is one such title that fits very neatly into his light at heart category. However this doesn t mean that the title doesn t reflect the story as in Shakespeare s other plays. His light at heart stories have titles that are just as reflective as his more serious titles. The title is an obvious indicator of the story that is told within. A story full of nothing doesn’t sound very entertaining though, so how would Shakespeare

Pesuasive Essay Topics - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesnt

Pesuasive Essay Topics - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesn't The Benefits of Pesuasive Essay Topics The next area of the text will be less difficult to write if you've picked among the most effective persuasive essay topics as your primary topic of the text. Don't neglect to bring a strong hook at the beginning (introduction paragraph) and wind up with an impressive conclusion to earn the reader want to talk about the interesting persuasive essay topics of your pick. You should utilize APA reference tools to help in writing your essay the right way or seek the services of an expert essay writer that may write the essay utilizing the APA reference tools. After you are aware that you want to seek out unique persuasive essay topics so as to compose the ideal text possible, it's the opportunity to consider how to study the structure of such texts. The very first thing you ought to learn about a persuasive essay is the simple fact that you're in a position to pick your own kind of structure. When it may appear to be a great concept to pick out a huge, complex topic to write about, you'll probably struggle to sift through all of the information and various surfaces of the problem and winnow them down to a streamlined essay. From time to time, it's a superb idea in order to add something funny to your argumentative essay. At exactly the same time, it's a terrific persuasive essay idea. For instance, you ought to keep the readers in mind as you select arguments to strengthen your position. There are those who do not support such decisions. Many people wind up covering the very same tired topics they see in the media daily, just because they can't produce a better idea. There are many intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. Another good idea is to receive some totally free essay examples of different sorts and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a prosperous debatable paper looks. If you're still having a tough time choosing, list all of the intriguing facts for each persuasive essay idea you've written down, then pick the one which you'll be able to work on the most. It's best in the event you choose a topic in which you are in possession of a genuine interest in since you'll be doing a lot of research on it and if it's something which you take pleasure in the procedure will be significantly easier and more enjoyable. When you settle on the subject and pick the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. What You Don't Know About Pesuasive Essay Topics Exams and testing has to be abolished. When prior brainstorming is finished, you can begin drafting your essay. Problems connected with drugs are quite contradictive. Doing this, you'll certainly find your ideal essay title easily and faster. Take notes concerning all prospective topics it is possible to consider. To assist you craft an intriguing essay, here are a few decent persuasive topics for you to pick from. Argumentative essays show a more balanced view of the problem and talk about either side. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. Every argumentative essay ought to have an opposing view which can help you to prove you're right. Writing an excellent persuasive essay is not a simple task, however, it's achievable. Persuasive essays and argumentative essays are extremely similar to one another. The Hidden Gem of Pesuasive Essay Topics Selecting a great topic for your essay is among the most significant and frequently tricky parts for many students. Persuasive essays share a whole lot of resemblance with argumentative essays. So, the best method to compose a terrific persuasive essay is to locate a theme you're acquainted with and wish to share your experience with the reader. In general, you can observe that writing a persuasive essay isn't a brain surgery. You may find there's a compelling argument for learning another language after all! Thus, a speech should be organized. Clearly, you ought not purposely choose a topic that will bore your audience. Second, talk what you shouldn't do instead of what should be accomplished.

Learning †Importance of Assesment Free Essays

When sing the clip spent in any schoolroom, we see that big part of this clip is spent on appraisal. It is a â€Å"major subscriber to raising criterions in schools† ( Cohen, Manion A ; Morrison. 2006, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning – Importance of Assesment or any similar topic only for you Order Now 323 ) and besides â€Å"assessment makes a difference to learning.† ( Naylor, S. , Keogh, B. A ; Goldsworthy, A. 2006. p.5 ) Whether the difference appraisal makes is positive or negative depends on how it is used. It is besides of import for instructors to â€Å"devise ways of measuring and describing which give students indicants of what they know and can make and which maintain them frontward looking and optimistic† ( Bryce, T. , 2008b ) Appraisal can be divided into two chief types: summational appraisal and formative appraisal. Summational appraisal can be described as â€Å"the scaling of larning that has or has non taken place† ( Bryce, 2008a, p581 ) . Meanwhile, formative appraisal is linked with â€Å"supplying meaningful feedback for larning to happen, assisting persons to travel frontward from their current position.† ( Bryce, 2008a, p581 ) Formative appraisal has been under development for a figure of old ages in Scots schools and â€Å"it fo llows that to set up good formative appraisal patterns in schoolrooms requires that most instructors make important changes.† ( Black, P. , Harrison, C. , Lee, C. , Marshall, B. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2004, p2 ) However, â€Å"teachers can non avoid a summational role† ( Black, P. , 1999, p131 ) as they have certification to finish including school studies to parents. Possibly a balance should be between the two theoretical accounts of appraisal as in some instances â€Å"summative trials can be helpful, provided that they are based on a sound theoretical account of learning.† ( Black, P. , 1999, p131 ) One enterprise associated with formative appraisal is Assessment is for Learning ( AifL ) . This â€Å"focuses on the spread between where the scholar is in their acquisition, and where they need to be† ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2007 ) and involves â€Å"any appraisal for which the first precedence is to function the intent of advancing pupils ‘ learning.† ( Black, P. , Harrison, C. , Lee, C. , Marshall, B. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2004, p2 ) Appraisal is for Learning â€Å"has concentrated upon developing the quality of formative schoolroom appraisal throughout the country.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p.591 ) and as mentioned above, instructors will necessitate to do ‘significant alterations ‘ to accomplish this. In order to do these alterations, a instructor has to reflect upon what has already been tried in order to alter schemes which did non work and construct upon what was successful. A instructor besides has to non merely inquire pupils inquir ies but besides ask inquiries of themselves, such as â€Å"To what extent do our acquisition and instruction attacks help pupils to go successful scholars? † and â€Å"To what extent do we utilize students ‘ responses efficaciously to place what pupils understand and to assist program for future acquisition and instruction? † ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2008b ) Bearing this in head, formative appraisal pattern was observed and evaluated whilst on arrangement and besides tried by myself with some step of success. In one case, a 2nd twelvemonth scientific discipline category was observed being instructed to fix a posting in groups on â€Å"how a molecule of O gets from the gases in the air to assist travel your large toe† . This was during the unit on organic structure systems and the students had antecedently been taught the information required to finish the posting. At first, the students themselves seemed doubtful as to how to travel about the undertaking as they had been given no other information with the exclusion of the rubric. However, after some treatment in the groups they seemed to come to grips with what they were being asked and set about the undertaking with enthusiasm. The category was given two periods to finish their undertaking and in this clip they completed some genuinely first-class postings which were displayed w ith pride in the corridor. Upon detecting this category finish this undertaking, I was surprised to see how rapidly the undertaking was comprehended by some students, particularly since it was non made clear by the instructor from the start â€Å"what was to be learned and what success would be like.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p592 ) This comprehension was rapidly followed by some high quality interactions between the students as to how they would travel about their postings, discoursing precisely how the molecule of O travels through the organic structure and the procedures involved. This was when I realized that though non phrased into a inquiry, the statement the instructor of the category had asked the students to see was thought arousing and required them to truly reflect on their old acquisition and therefore was following with the cardinal thoughts of Assessment is For Learning. During the two period session, the category instructor, and myself, were continually go arounding the groups and inquiring t he students more inquiries on the topic, arousing responses, giving positive feedback on the postings the students were making but besides foregrounding countries for betterment. This I felt truly boosted the students ‘ assurance and enhanced their desire to make good in the undertaking. It besides incorporated the â€Å"two stars and a wish strategies† described by Bryce ( 2008a, p592 ) . At the terminal of the activity pupils besides got to measure each other ‘s postings foregrounding parts they liked and would utilize in the hereafter. Overall, I felt that this two period session incorporated Assessment is for Learning techniques really good and is something I would utilize in the hereafter in this subject. During my ain instruction pattern, I tried a figure of times to integrate Assessment is for Learning into my lessons. In one lesson with a 3rd twelvemonth biological science category, they were dissecting flowers in order to be able to place the parts of the generative system and depict their maps. At the start of the lesson, the students were informed of the acquisition results and besides the success standards so they could state for themselves if they had been successful, hence they were cognizant â€Å"what was to be learned and what success would be like.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p592 ) After the practical, to reenforce the cardinal points and besides to measure what they had learned, I provided the students with a matching exercising where, in braces, they had to fit parts of the flower with their map. This exercising enabled students to join forces with each other to acquire the right consequences. In this instance I truly felt that I was utilizing â€Å"assessment as a t ool for learning.† ( Naylor, S. , Keogh, B. A ; Goldsworthy, A. , 2006, p.7 ) Although possibly non every bit seamlessly as a more experient instructor. Another schoolroom experience involved a different 2nd twelvemonth category, this clip on the sound and light subject. Not being a natural philosophies specializer, it can be hard to add involvement to this subject and so a biological science angle was added to a few lessons. During this the category were comparing human eyes and ears to those of selected animate beings and traveling around the category in a circuit finishing undertakings at each station. This was done in braces and so interaction was taking topographic point at each measure along with job resolution, comparings and fact happening. In the following lesson, much like the first 2nd twelvemonth category, a posting was created on one of the animate beings in the category circuit to inform people of the differences in this animate being ‘s eyes and ears and how they benefit the animate being. Much like the first 2nd twelvemonth category, feedback was given at each phase and the students responded good to this. The t erminal consequence achieved was due to acquiring the students involved at every phase, giving them feedback and allowing the students identify what will assist in their undertaking. During my school experience, good Appraisal is for Learning pattern was observed often. However, this was chiefly in a few of the instructors and non across the whole section. The enterprise was brought up at departmental meetings and so was in development but non to the same grade as other sections or so, other schools. Appraisal of larning â€Å"involves working with the scope of available grounds that enables staff and the wider appraisal community to look into on students ‘ progress.† ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2007b ) This means roll uping the consequences of summational appraisal and utilizing them to collate tabular arraies and statistics and comparing these with other schools. This pattern, called local moderateness, is to â€Å"ensure appraisals are consistent between categories and schools.† ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2007b ) The consequences used are valid, dependable and comparable and this is why they are utilised. Appraisal of acquisition is besides used â€Å"where ‘league tabular arraies ‘ of overall public presentation are published.† ( Cohen, L. , Manion, L. A ; Morrison, K. , 2006, p333 ) This can do jobs in countries where conference table place is of import to some, as â€Å"teachers teach to the test† ( Cohen, L. , Man ion, L. A ; Morrison, K. , 2006, p333 ) Thereby contradicting all other signifiers of appraisal and acquisition and denying students cardinal experiences. In countries where high conference tabular array places are of import, inclusion is another affair which must be addressed. There is an interesting tenseness in this field as some schools may be unwilling to show students for certain tests or topics in general due to the belief that this student will negatively impact their conference tabular array standings. With patterns like this go arounding it is clear that â€Å"schools and instructors need counsel and assurance with respect to where they should put their professional support and efforts.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008, p594 ) If different schemes for appraisal and acquisition were in topographic point so possibly consequences would better without the irresistible impulse to ‘teach to the trial ‘ . This leads on to the theory that rating students ‘ work should be discouraged for much of the clip as described by Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. ( 2001 ) . During school arrangement, in first and 2nd twelvemonth categories, it was observed that when students were given the consequences to any signifier of summational appraisal, the first thing they did was comparison Markss with their friends and spouses in the category, thereby making a competitory ambiance. Children accomplishing a hapless class are so unwilling to portion their consequences with friends and may finally see themselves as unable to larn. It has been shown that â€Å"pupils who come to see themselves as unable to larn normally cease to take school earnestly – many of them will be riotous within school, others will fall back to truancy.† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2001, p3 ) So we find ourselves in a state of affairs where utilizing summational appraisal for rating can hold a negative consequence on some students, but is necessary for â€Å"accountability of instructors and pupils to interested parties.† ( Cohen, L. , Manion, L. A ; Morrison, K. , 2006, p327 ) Is there a manner in which classs can be used constructively? On detecting lower school, it could be argued that possibly utilizing chiefly formative appraisal in these twelvemonth groups would be more effectual. As mentioned above students are chiefly concerned with being competitory when it comes to assessment classs and so the usage of â€Å"approaches in which students are compared with one another† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2001, p4 ) should be discouraged in favor of supplying feedback to pupils â€Å"about the peculiar qualities of his or her work, with advice on what he or she can make to improve.† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2001, p6 ) This scheme avoids comparings between students in lower school and allows them to to the full bask the acquisition experience without the competitory component. It is noted that summational appraisal can non be avoided wholly in these twelvemonth groups, peculiarly with respects to coverage and besides class picks for the undermentioned old ages. While detecting in-between and upper school, the rough competition from lower school was non as evident, but clearly non absent wholly. With this in head, utilizing classs constructively from 3rd twelvemonth onwards could be good as students are heading towards external appraisals. In this instance, being cognizant of the class they are presently accomplishing in concurrence with advice on how to better may be good to these students. On arrangement, it was observed in in-between and upper school categories that feedback centered entirely on the class which was achieved and really seldom mentioned ways which students could better, aside from analyzing. This was particularly evident in the top subdivisions for the topic, where the general consensus was that pupils merely wanted their classs and could construct upon them themselves. Support was made available to pupils in the signifier of prep nines and supported survey ; nevertheless there was no specific feedback offered to single stu dents. We know that â€Å"tests and prep can be an priceless usher to learning† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D, 2001, p8 ) every bit long as these undertakings have clear, relevant larning aims: but supplying feedback every bit good as the class should â€Å"give each student counsel on how to better, and each must be given chance and assist to work at the improvement.† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2001, p8 ) It is believed that utilizing classs in this constructive mode will be valuable to both students and instructors, and promote students to larn efficaciously and good. At present, the agreements for enfranchisement in the upper secondary school, Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework ( SCQF ) Levels 3 – 5, comprise of two different manners of classs: the long standing Standard Grade class and the newer Intermediate 1 and 2 classs. The SCQF figure indicates â€Å"a degree to demo how hard the acquisition is and a figure of recognition points which indicate the size of the qualification† ( Davidson, C. , 2008, p612 ) Using this system makes â€Å"qualifications easier to depict and understand† ( Davidson, C. , 2008, p612 ) and besides â€Å"enable employers, scholars and the populace in general to understand the full scope of Scots makings and how the makings relate to each other.† ( The Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework, 2003 ) Standard Grade classs were introduced in the 1980 ‘s as a replacing to the O-grade. The purpose behind this was to â€Å"enable all students, whatever their degree of ability, to follow suited classs and addition awards† ( The Scottish Office, 1996 ) and due to the fact that pupils sit two degrees of test and that all students take portion in the class to level, this has been achieved. The Standard Grade provides students with many chances while at school and as a consequence there are a figure of benefits associated with them. These include: a broad scope of classs on offer ; scrutinies are completed at two degrees to supply students with the best possible chance for a good class and the inclusive nature of the classs as they provide appraisal for all. Intermediate 1 and 2 classs were introduced as portion of the National Qualification ( NQ ) model. They have been â€Å"designed to be every bit flexible as possible to run into the demands of all students.† ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2008a ) In add-on to this flexibleness, new classs have been added to supplement the more traditional topics in order to run into the demands of today ‘s workplace. These include media surveies and biotechnology. The construction and appraisal of Intermediate classs differs in a figure of ways from Standard Grades. To get down with, Intermediate classs are structured into three units of similar lengths whereas Standard Grades can incorporate any figure of subjects, illustrations being Chemistry which covers 15 subjects and Biology which covers seven subjects. These subjects can besides be of changing lengths. In the Intermediate classs, each unit ends with a trial called a NAB ( National Assessment Bank ) . Each terminal of unit trial must be passed in order to sit the concluding test. The unit besides stands entirely as a faculty so that even if a student does non go through the concluding test, the single units will supply some grounds of accomplishment for the student. These units are assessed internally in schools and can be re-assessed if a student is non successful on the first effort â€Å"The unit construction of Intermediate makings is considered to be their best characteristic, sup plying flexibleness and motive for immature people.† ( The Scots Government, 2008 ) This unit construction besides helps to supply a more streamlined passage between Intermediate and Higher as the classs are constructed on the same format. Standard Grade operates otherwise in that while each subject in these classs may hold an terminal of unit trial to finish, it plays no portion in whether the student will go through or neglect the class other than supplying instructors with grounds for grade anticipations or entreaties. Where students do hold influence over their concluding grade in Standard Grade is in work submitted to the Scots Qualifications Authority ( SQA ) which is completed in category. In Science topics, this is in the signifier of practical abilities which are assessed over the class ; in English, a pagination of written work is submitted. Work completed in category can be worked on over a period of clip and alteration of this can go on until both instructor and student are satisfied that the best possible class has been achieved, giving ample chance for re-assessment of the work. This, while non playing as large a portion in the award as the concluding test, does hold some influence on the class awarded. T his work besides benefits the students in that while they are still being assessed, it is non under nerve-racking exam conditions, and this may supply the environment for them to work to their best potency, to the full supported by their schoolroom instructor. Formative appraisal is going more widely used in schools, nevertheless recent experience shows that this is non true universally. Observations in both Standard Grade and Intermediate 2 categories while on arrangement have lead me to believe that summational appraisal is still the more normally used in categories, peculiarly in the upper school. It could be said that â€Å"the demands of the SQA dominate school life in the upper phases of secondary.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p581 ) While both Standard Grade and Intermediate 1 and 2 classs can be argued to be both effectual and successful, it has to be considered â€Å"whether these makings in their current signifier best suit the demands of tomorrow ‘s immature people, employers and other users of qualifications.† ( The Scots Government, 2008 ) This is chiefly due to the nearing debut of Curriculum for Excellence into schools in the coming old ages and the demand for a new signifier of appraisal which will suit in with the experiences and results which pupils will take portion in. Standard Grade and Intermediate are utile now, nevertheless â€Å"neither of these two systems reflects the values, intents and rules of Curriculum for Excellence.† ( The Scots Government, 2008 ) One solution for the job of holding incompatible assessment methods is the debut of a new general making at SCQF degrees 4 and 5 to replace the antique Standard Grade and Intermediate makings. This will besides profit Scotland ‘s appraisal patterns which have â€Å"developed steadily over recent old ages but to a point of complexness which demands simplification† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p581 ) However, both Standard Grade and Intermediate 1 and 2 have good characteristics which would be utile in the new appraisal construction. â€Å"The inclusive attack to enfranchisement contained in Standard Grade† ( The Scots Government, 2009 ) is one point which should be considered when planing the new making. Integrating this appraisal for all is of import in planing a new making as inclusion is a major factor. We have to be able to â€Å"support acquisition and react reasonably to the differences that exist across groups while at the same clip supplying comparable and dependable evidence† ( Darling-Hammond, L. A ; Falk, B. , 1997, p57 ) The current Standard Grade operates a 3 degree system with foundation, general and recognition and the thought of this should be carried frontward but in the signifier of SCQF degrees 4 and 5. For students executing below this degree, Access 3 certifications will be available. Using this system, the inclusive attack of Standard Grade is still in operation and no student will be restricted in any manner with respects to assessment. Another utile characteristic of assessment construction at present is â€Å"the unit based construction of Intermediate qualifications.† ( The Scots Government, 2009 ) These units provide good points for internal appraisal throughout the class and awards received in these appraisals give students something to construct on for the hereafter. Using Markss from these unit appraisals as portion of the concluding awarded class would besides supply utile continual appraisal alternatively of trusting strictly on the concluding test. Besides mentioning to the Intermediate construction of appraisal, the manner in which they are graded would be preferred to the construction of Standard Grade Markss. Using the A – D signifier or marker would extinguish any confusion associated with the Standard Grade 1 – 7 strategy. It would besides follow the form presently in topographic point for Higher and Advanced Higher, once more associating the degrees and leting for an easier passage. In topics of a practical nature such a scientific discipline, proficient, art and music ; more accent should be placed on the practical side in the appraisal. A larger per centum of Markss should be awarded to practical abilities as they are in the really kernel of what these topics are about. One manner in which this could be possible in scientific discipline could be to finish a practical abilities folio which could include an probe where the students would hold to plan and transport out experiments and so describe on them. This is something which presently operates in Advanced Higher but is felt, if used right, would besides be good at lower degrees. In the same vena, it is felt that technological progresss should, where possible, be incorporated into the course of study. There are legion illustrations in the current course of study where outdated scientific discipline is still taught, such as in Standard Grade Physics which still teaches students about cathode beam telecastings in an epoch where LCD and plasma telecastings are the norm. In instances such as these, it is felt that possibly students would expose more enthusiasm in category if they could associate what they are larning to the universe outside the schoolroom. When covering with appraisal, it is of import to understand that any determinations on alterations to be made will non merely impact the current students, but besides pupils in old ages to come and therefore cautiousness should be exercised when any alterations come into consequence. Bibliography * Black, P. ( 1999 ) . Assessment, Learning Theories and Testing Systems. In Murphy, P. ( Ed. ) Learners, larning and appraisal ( pp. 118 – 134 ) . London: Paul Chapman Printing * Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. ( 2001 ) Inside the black box Retrieved 18th March 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //ngfl.northumberland.gov.uk/keystage3ictstrategy/Assessment/blackbox.pdf * Black, P. , Harrison, C. , Lee, C. , Marshall, B. A ; Wiliam, D. ( 2004 ) . Appraisal for acquisition: seting it into pattern Hymen: Open University Press * Bryce, T. ( 2008a ) . Appraisal in Scots Schools. In Bryce, T.G.K. A ; Humes, W. M. ( Eds. ) Scots instruction 3rd edition: beyond degeneration ( pp. 581- 594 ) . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press * Bryce, T. ( 2008b ) . Principles of assessment Lecture slides retrieved on 18th March 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.foe.strath.ac.uk/Login/FAV1-0000F728/FOV1-0000F72A/FOV1-0000F983/I000E6669? DF0=0 * Cohen, L. , Manion, L. A ; Morrison, K. ( 2006 ) . A usher to learning pattern ( 5th Ed ) Oxon: RoutledgeFalmer * Darling-Hammond, L. A ; Falk, B. ( 1997 ) . Supporting instruction and acquisition for all pupils: Policies for reliable appraisal systems. In Goodwin, A. L. ( Ed. ) Appraisal for equity and inclusion: encompassing all our kids ( pp. 51 – 76 ) . London: Routledge * Davidson, C. ( 2008 ) . SQA Findings on Scots Attainments. In Bryce, T.G.K. A ; Humes, W.M. ( Eds. ) Scots instruction 3rd edition: beyond degeneration ( pp. 608 – 626 ) . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press * Learning and Teaching Scotland. ( 2007a, November 27 ) . Appraisal is for larning: debut Retrieved March 17th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltscotland.org.uk/assess/for/intro.asp * Learning and Teaching Scotland. ( 2007b, December 10 ) . Appraisal of larning Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltscotland.org.uk/assess/of/intro.asp * Learning and Teaching Scotland. ( 2008b, August 20 ) . Appraisal for acquisition: high quality interactions Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltscotland.org.uk/assess/toolkit/schools/highqualityinteractions.asp  · Learning and Teaching Scotland. ( 2008a, December 15 ) . What are national makings? Retrieved 18th March 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/nqframework/whatarenqs.asp * Naylor, S. , Keogh, B. A ; Goldsworthy, A. ( 2006 ) . Active appraisal: thought, larning and appraisal in scientific discipline London: David Fulton Publishers * The Scots Credit and Qualifications Framework ( 2003, October ) . An debut to the Scots recognition and makings framework Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sqa.org.uk/files_ccc/IntroductiontoSCQF-2ndEdition.pdf * The Scots Government. ( 2008, April 24 ) . Consultation for future agreements of national makings Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/News/This-Week/Speeches/smarter/natqual * The Scots Government. ( 2009, February ) . Research on the audience on the following coevals of national makings in Scotland Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/261963/0078333.pdf * The Scots Office. ( 1996 ) . Scots certification of instruction: standard class Retrieved 18th March 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/library/documents/standard.htm How to cite Learning – Importance of Assesment, Essay examples

Learning †Importance of Assesment Free Essays

When sing the clip spent in any schoolroom, we see that big part of this clip is spent on appraisal. It is a â€Å"major subscriber to raising criterions in schools† ( Cohen, Manion A ; Morrison. 2006, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning – Importance of Assesment or any similar topic only for you Order Now 323 ) and besides â€Å"assessment makes a difference to learning.† ( Naylor, S. , Keogh, B. A ; Goldsworthy, A. 2006. p.5 ) Whether the difference appraisal makes is positive or negative depends on how it is used. It is besides of import for instructors to â€Å"devise ways of measuring and describing which give students indicants of what they know and can make and which maintain them frontward looking and optimistic† ( Bryce, T. , 2008b ) Appraisal can be divided into two chief types: summational appraisal and formative appraisal. Summational appraisal can be described as â€Å"the scaling of larning that has or has non taken place† ( Bryce, 2008a, p581 ) . Meanwhile, formative appraisal is linked with â€Å"supplying meaningful feedback for larning to happen, assisting persons to travel frontward from their current position.† ( Bryce, 2008a, p581 ) Formative appraisal has been under development for a figure of old ages in Scots schools and â€Å"it fo llows that to set up good formative appraisal patterns in schoolrooms requires that most instructors make important changes.† ( Black, P. , Harrison, C. , Lee, C. , Marshall, B. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2004, p2 ) However, â€Å"teachers can non avoid a summational role† ( Black, P. , 1999, p131 ) as they have certification to finish including school studies to parents. Possibly a balance should be between the two theoretical accounts of appraisal as in some instances â€Å"summative trials can be helpful, provided that they are based on a sound theoretical account of learning.† ( Black, P. , 1999, p131 ) One enterprise associated with formative appraisal is Assessment is for Learning ( AifL ) . This â€Å"focuses on the spread between where the scholar is in their acquisition, and where they need to be† ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2007 ) and involves â€Å"any appraisal for which the first precedence is to function the intent of advancing pupils ‘ learning.† ( Black, P. , Harrison, C. , Lee, C. , Marshall, B. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2004, p2 ) Appraisal is for Learning â€Å"has concentrated upon developing the quality of formative schoolroom appraisal throughout the country.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p.591 ) and as mentioned above, instructors will necessitate to do ‘significant alterations ‘ to accomplish this. In order to do these alterations, a instructor has to reflect upon what has already been tried in order to alter schemes which did non work and construct upon what was successful. A instructor besides has to non merely inquire pupils inquir ies but besides ask inquiries of themselves, such as â€Å"To what extent do our acquisition and instruction attacks help pupils to go successful scholars? † and â€Å"To what extent do we utilize students ‘ responses efficaciously to place what pupils understand and to assist program for future acquisition and instruction? † ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2008b ) Bearing this in head, formative appraisal pattern was observed and evaluated whilst on arrangement and besides tried by myself with some step of success. In one case, a 2nd twelvemonth scientific discipline category was observed being instructed to fix a posting in groups on â€Å"how a molecule of O gets from the gases in the air to assist travel your large toe† . This was during the unit on organic structure systems and the students had antecedently been taught the information required to finish the posting. At first, the students themselves seemed doubtful as to how to travel about the undertaking as they had been given no other information with the exclusion of the rubric. However, after some treatment in the groups they seemed to come to grips with what they were being asked and set about the undertaking with enthusiasm. The category was given two periods to finish their undertaking and in this clip they completed some genuinely first-class postings which were displayed w ith pride in the corridor. Upon detecting this category finish this undertaking, I was surprised to see how rapidly the undertaking was comprehended by some students, particularly since it was non made clear by the instructor from the start â€Å"what was to be learned and what success would be like.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p592 ) This comprehension was rapidly followed by some high quality interactions between the students as to how they would travel about their postings, discoursing precisely how the molecule of O travels through the organic structure and the procedures involved. This was when I realized that though non phrased into a inquiry, the statement the instructor of the category had asked the students to see was thought arousing and required them to truly reflect on their old acquisition and therefore was following with the cardinal thoughts of Assessment is For Learning. During the two period session, the category instructor, and myself, were continually go arounding the groups and inquiring t he students more inquiries on the topic, arousing responses, giving positive feedback on the postings the students were making but besides foregrounding countries for betterment. This I felt truly boosted the students ‘ assurance and enhanced their desire to make good in the undertaking. It besides incorporated the â€Å"two stars and a wish strategies† described by Bryce ( 2008a, p592 ) . At the terminal of the activity pupils besides got to measure each other ‘s postings foregrounding parts they liked and would utilize in the hereafter. Overall, I felt that this two period session incorporated Assessment is for Learning techniques really good and is something I would utilize in the hereafter in this subject. During my ain instruction pattern, I tried a figure of times to integrate Assessment is for Learning into my lessons. In one lesson with a 3rd twelvemonth biological science category, they were dissecting flowers in order to be able to place the parts of the generative system and depict their maps. At the start of the lesson, the students were informed of the acquisition results and besides the success standards so they could state for themselves if they had been successful, hence they were cognizant â€Å"what was to be learned and what success would be like.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p592 ) After the practical, to reenforce the cardinal points and besides to measure what they had learned, I provided the students with a matching exercising where, in braces, they had to fit parts of the flower with their map. This exercising enabled students to join forces with each other to acquire the right consequences. In this instance I truly felt that I was utilizing â€Å"assessment as a t ool for learning.† ( Naylor, S. , Keogh, B. A ; Goldsworthy, A. , 2006, p.7 ) Although possibly non every bit seamlessly as a more experient instructor. Another schoolroom experience involved a different 2nd twelvemonth category, this clip on the sound and light subject. Not being a natural philosophies specializer, it can be hard to add involvement to this subject and so a biological science angle was added to a few lessons. During this the category were comparing human eyes and ears to those of selected animate beings and traveling around the category in a circuit finishing undertakings at each station. This was done in braces and so interaction was taking topographic point at each measure along with job resolution, comparings and fact happening. In the following lesson, much like the first 2nd twelvemonth category, a posting was created on one of the animate beings in the category circuit to inform people of the differences in this animate being ‘s eyes and ears and how they benefit the animate being. Much like the first 2nd twelvemonth category, feedback was given at each phase and the students responded good to this. The t erminal consequence achieved was due to acquiring the students involved at every phase, giving them feedback and allowing the students identify what will assist in their undertaking. During my school experience, good Appraisal is for Learning pattern was observed often. However, this was chiefly in a few of the instructors and non across the whole section. The enterprise was brought up at departmental meetings and so was in development but non to the same grade as other sections or so, other schools. Appraisal of larning â€Å"involves working with the scope of available grounds that enables staff and the wider appraisal community to look into on students ‘ progress.† ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2007b ) This means roll uping the consequences of summational appraisal and utilizing them to collate tabular arraies and statistics and comparing these with other schools. This pattern, called local moderateness, is to â€Å"ensure appraisals are consistent between categories and schools.† ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2007b ) The consequences used are valid, dependable and comparable and this is why they are utilised. Appraisal of acquisition is besides used â€Å"where ‘league tabular arraies ‘ of overall public presentation are published.† ( Cohen, L. , Manion, L. A ; Morrison, K. , 2006, p333 ) This can do jobs in countries where conference table place is of import to some, as â€Å"teachers teach to the test† ( Cohen, L. , Man ion, L. A ; Morrison, K. , 2006, p333 ) Thereby contradicting all other signifiers of appraisal and acquisition and denying students cardinal experiences. In countries where high conference tabular array places are of import, inclusion is another affair which must be addressed. There is an interesting tenseness in this field as some schools may be unwilling to show students for certain tests or topics in general due to the belief that this student will negatively impact their conference tabular array standings. With patterns like this go arounding it is clear that â€Å"schools and instructors need counsel and assurance with respect to where they should put their professional support and efforts.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008, p594 ) If different schemes for appraisal and acquisition were in topographic point so possibly consequences would better without the irresistible impulse to ‘teach to the trial ‘ . This leads on to the theory that rating students ‘ work should be discouraged for much of the clip as described by Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. ( 2001 ) . During school arrangement, in first and 2nd twelvemonth categories, it was observed that when students were given the consequences to any signifier of summational appraisal, the first thing they did was comparison Markss with their friends and spouses in the category, thereby making a competitory ambiance. Children accomplishing a hapless class are so unwilling to portion their consequences with friends and may finally see themselves as unable to larn. It has been shown that â€Å"pupils who come to see themselves as unable to larn normally cease to take school earnestly – many of them will be riotous within school, others will fall back to truancy.† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2001, p3 ) So we find ourselves in a state of affairs where utilizing summational appraisal for rating can hold a negative consequence on some students, but is necessary for â€Å"accountability of instructors and pupils to interested parties.† ( Cohen, L. , Manion, L. A ; Morrison, K. , 2006, p327 ) Is there a manner in which classs can be used constructively? On detecting lower school, it could be argued that possibly utilizing chiefly formative appraisal in these twelvemonth groups would be more effectual. As mentioned above students are chiefly concerned with being competitory when it comes to assessment classs and so the usage of â€Å"approaches in which students are compared with one another† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2001, p4 ) should be discouraged in favor of supplying feedback to pupils â€Å"about the peculiar qualities of his or her work, with advice on what he or she can make to improve.† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2001, p6 ) This scheme avoids comparings between students in lower school and allows them to to the full bask the acquisition experience without the competitory component. It is noted that summational appraisal can non be avoided wholly in these twelvemonth groups, peculiarly with respects to coverage and besides class picks for the undermentioned old ages. While detecting in-between and upper school, the rough competition from lower school was non as evident, but clearly non absent wholly. With this in head, utilizing classs constructively from 3rd twelvemonth onwards could be good as students are heading towards external appraisals. In this instance, being cognizant of the class they are presently accomplishing in concurrence with advice on how to better may be good to these students. On arrangement, it was observed in in-between and upper school categories that feedback centered entirely on the class which was achieved and really seldom mentioned ways which students could better, aside from analyzing. This was particularly evident in the top subdivisions for the topic, where the general consensus was that pupils merely wanted their classs and could construct upon them themselves. Support was made available to pupils in the signifier of prep nines and supported survey ; nevertheless there was no specific feedback offered to single stu dents. We know that â€Å"tests and prep can be an priceless usher to learning† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D, 2001, p8 ) every bit long as these undertakings have clear, relevant larning aims: but supplying feedback every bit good as the class should â€Å"give each student counsel on how to better, and each must be given chance and assist to work at the improvement.† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2001, p8 ) It is believed that utilizing classs in this constructive mode will be valuable to both students and instructors, and promote students to larn efficaciously and good. At present, the agreements for enfranchisement in the upper secondary school, Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework ( SCQF ) Levels 3 – 5, comprise of two different manners of classs: the long standing Standard Grade class and the newer Intermediate 1 and 2 classs. The SCQF figure indicates â€Å"a degree to demo how hard the acquisition is and a figure of recognition points which indicate the size of the qualification† ( Davidson, C. , 2008, p612 ) Using this system makes â€Å"qualifications easier to depict and understand† ( Davidson, C. , 2008, p612 ) and besides â€Å"enable employers, scholars and the populace in general to understand the full scope of Scots makings and how the makings relate to each other.† ( The Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework, 2003 ) Standard Grade classs were introduced in the 1980 ‘s as a replacing to the O-grade. The purpose behind this was to â€Å"enable all students, whatever their degree of ability, to follow suited classs and addition awards† ( The Scottish Office, 1996 ) and due to the fact that pupils sit two degrees of test and that all students take portion in the class to level, this has been achieved. The Standard Grade provides students with many chances while at school and as a consequence there are a figure of benefits associated with them. These include: a broad scope of classs on offer ; scrutinies are completed at two degrees to supply students with the best possible chance for a good class and the inclusive nature of the classs as they provide appraisal for all. Intermediate 1 and 2 classs were introduced as portion of the National Qualification ( NQ ) model. They have been â€Å"designed to be every bit flexible as possible to run into the demands of all students.† ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2008a ) In add-on to this flexibleness, new classs have been added to supplement the more traditional topics in order to run into the demands of today ‘s workplace. These include media surveies and biotechnology. The construction and appraisal of Intermediate classs differs in a figure of ways from Standard Grades. To get down with, Intermediate classs are structured into three units of similar lengths whereas Standard Grades can incorporate any figure of subjects, illustrations being Chemistry which covers 15 subjects and Biology which covers seven subjects. These subjects can besides be of changing lengths. In the Intermediate classs, each unit ends with a trial called a NAB ( National Assessment Bank ) . Each terminal of unit trial must be passed in order to sit the concluding test. The unit besides stands entirely as a faculty so that even if a student does non go through the concluding test, the single units will supply some grounds of accomplishment for the student. These units are assessed internally in schools and can be re-assessed if a student is non successful on the first effort â€Å"The unit construction of Intermediate makings is considered to be their best characteristic, sup plying flexibleness and motive for immature people.† ( The Scots Government, 2008 ) This unit construction besides helps to supply a more streamlined passage between Intermediate and Higher as the classs are constructed on the same format. Standard Grade operates otherwise in that while each subject in these classs may hold an terminal of unit trial to finish, it plays no portion in whether the student will go through or neglect the class other than supplying instructors with grounds for grade anticipations or entreaties. Where students do hold influence over their concluding grade in Standard Grade is in work submitted to the Scots Qualifications Authority ( SQA ) which is completed in category. In Science topics, this is in the signifier of practical abilities which are assessed over the class ; in English, a pagination of written work is submitted. Work completed in category can be worked on over a period of clip and alteration of this can go on until both instructor and student are satisfied that the best possible class has been achieved, giving ample chance for re-assessment of the work. This, while non playing as large a portion in the award as the concluding test, does hold some influence on the class awarded. T his work besides benefits the students in that while they are still being assessed, it is non under nerve-racking exam conditions, and this may supply the environment for them to work to their best potency, to the full supported by their schoolroom instructor. Formative appraisal is going more widely used in schools, nevertheless recent experience shows that this is non true universally. Observations in both Standard Grade and Intermediate 2 categories while on arrangement have lead me to believe that summational appraisal is still the more normally used in categories, peculiarly in the upper school. It could be said that â€Å"the demands of the SQA dominate school life in the upper phases of secondary.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p581 ) While both Standard Grade and Intermediate 1 and 2 classs can be argued to be both effectual and successful, it has to be considered â€Å"whether these makings in their current signifier best suit the demands of tomorrow ‘s immature people, employers and other users of qualifications.† ( The Scots Government, 2008 ) This is chiefly due to the nearing debut of Curriculum for Excellence into schools in the coming old ages and the demand for a new signifier of appraisal which will suit in with the experiences and results which pupils will take portion in. Standard Grade and Intermediate are utile now, nevertheless â€Å"neither of these two systems reflects the values, intents and rules of Curriculum for Excellence.† ( The Scots Government, 2008 ) One solution for the job of holding incompatible assessment methods is the debut of a new general making at SCQF degrees 4 and 5 to replace the antique Standard Grade and Intermediate makings. This will besides profit Scotland ‘s appraisal patterns which have â€Å"developed steadily over recent old ages but to a point of complexness which demands simplification† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p581 ) However, both Standard Grade and Intermediate 1 and 2 have good characteristics which would be utile in the new appraisal construction. â€Å"The inclusive attack to enfranchisement contained in Standard Grade† ( The Scots Government, 2009 ) is one point which should be considered when planing the new making. Integrating this appraisal for all is of import in planing a new making as inclusion is a major factor. We have to be able to â€Å"support acquisition and react reasonably to the differences that exist across groups while at the same clip supplying comparable and dependable evidence† ( Darling-Hammond, L. A ; Falk, B. , 1997, p57 ) The current Standard Grade operates a 3 degree system with foundation, general and recognition and the thought of this should be carried frontward but in the signifier of SCQF degrees 4 and 5. For students executing below this degree, Access 3 certifications will be available. Using this system, the inclusive attack of Standard Grade is still in operation and no student will be restricted in any manner with respects to assessment. Another utile characteristic of assessment construction at present is â€Å"the unit based construction of Intermediate qualifications.† ( The Scots Government, 2009 ) These units provide good points for internal appraisal throughout the class and awards received in these appraisals give students something to construct on for the hereafter. Using Markss from these unit appraisals as portion of the concluding awarded class would besides supply utile continual appraisal alternatively of trusting strictly on the concluding test. Besides mentioning to the Intermediate construction of appraisal, the manner in which they are graded would be preferred to the construction of Standard Grade Markss. Using the A – D signifier or marker would extinguish any confusion associated with the Standard Grade 1 – 7 strategy. It would besides follow the form presently in topographic point for Higher and Advanced Higher, once more associating the degrees and leting for an easier passage. In topics of a practical nature such a scientific discipline, proficient, art and music ; more accent should be placed on the practical side in the appraisal. A larger per centum of Markss should be awarded to practical abilities as they are in the really kernel of what these topics are about. One manner in which this could be possible in scientific discipline could be to finish a practical abilities folio which could include an probe where the students would hold to plan and transport out experiments and so describe on them. This is something which presently operates in Advanced Higher but is felt, if used right, would besides be good at lower degrees. In the same vena, it is felt that technological progresss should, where possible, be incorporated into the course of study. There are legion illustrations in the current course of study where outdated scientific discipline is still taught, such as in Standard Grade Physics which still teaches students about cathode beam telecastings in an epoch where LCD and plasma telecastings are the norm. In instances such as these, it is felt that possibly students would expose more enthusiasm in category if they could associate what they are larning to the universe outside the schoolroom. When covering with appraisal, it is of import to understand that any determinations on alterations to be made will non merely impact the current students, but besides pupils in old ages to come and therefore cautiousness should be exercised when any alterations come into consequence. Bibliography * Black, P. ( 1999 ) . Assessment, Learning Theories and Testing Systems. In Murphy, P. ( Ed. ) Learners, larning and appraisal ( pp. 118 – 134 ) . London: Paul Chapman Printing * Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. ( 2001 ) Inside the black box Retrieved 18th March 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //ngfl.northumberland.gov.uk/keystage3ictstrategy/Assessment/blackbox.pdf * Black, P. , Harrison, C. , Lee, C. , Marshall, B. A ; Wiliam, D. ( 2004 ) . Appraisal for acquisition: seting it into pattern Hymen: Open University Press * Bryce, T. ( 2008a ) . Appraisal in Scots Schools. In Bryce, T.G.K. A ; Humes, W. M. ( Eds. ) Scots instruction 3rd edition: beyond degeneration ( pp. 581- 594 ) . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press * Bryce, T. ( 2008b ) . Principles of assessment Lecture slides retrieved on 18th March 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.foe.strath.ac.uk/Login/FAV1-0000F728/FOV1-0000F72A/FOV1-0000F983/I000E6669? DF0=0 * Cohen, L. , Manion, L. A ; Morrison, K. ( 2006 ) . A usher to learning pattern ( 5th Ed ) Oxon: RoutledgeFalmer * Darling-Hammond, L. A ; Falk, B. ( 1997 ) . Supporting instruction and acquisition for all pupils: Policies for reliable appraisal systems. In Goodwin, A. L. ( Ed. ) Appraisal for equity and inclusion: encompassing all our kids ( pp. 51 – 76 ) . London: Routledge * Davidson, C. ( 2008 ) . SQA Findings on Scots Attainments. In Bryce, T.G.K. A ; Humes, W.M. ( Eds. ) Scots instruction 3rd edition: beyond degeneration ( pp. 608 – 626 ) . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press * Learning and Teaching Scotland. ( 2007a, November 27 ) . Appraisal is for larning: debut Retrieved March 17th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltscotland.org.uk/assess/for/intro.asp * Learning and Teaching Scotland. ( 2007b, December 10 ) . Appraisal of larning Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltscotland.org.uk/assess/of/intro.asp * Learning and Teaching Scotland. ( 2008b, August 20 ) . Appraisal for acquisition: high quality interactions Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltscotland.org.uk/assess/toolkit/schools/highqualityinteractions.asp  · Learning and Teaching Scotland. ( 2008a, December 15 ) . What are national makings? Retrieved 18th March 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/nqframework/whatarenqs.asp * Naylor, S. , Keogh, B. A ; Goldsworthy, A. ( 2006 ) . Active appraisal: thought, larning and appraisal in scientific discipline London: David Fulton Publishers * The Scots Credit and Qualifications Framework ( 2003, October ) . An debut to the Scots recognition and makings framework Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sqa.org.uk/files_ccc/IntroductiontoSCQF-2ndEdition.pdf * The Scots Government. ( 2008, April 24 ) . Consultation for future agreements of national makings Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/News/This-Week/Speeches/smarter/natqual * The Scots Government. ( 2009, February ) . Research on the audience on the following coevals of national makings in Scotland Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/261963/0078333.pdf * The Scots Office. ( 1996 ) . Scots certification of instruction: standard class Retrieved 18th March 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/library/documents/standard.htm How to cite Learning – Importance of Assesment, Essay examples

Professional Development and Contemporary Issues

Introduction The purpose of conducting this study will be to examine the impact of globalization with particular focus on the international hotel industry. Globalization is defined as the process of integrating the economies, financial markets, cultures and societies of various countries through the use of global communication and trade networks that exist around the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Development and Contemporary Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Globalization is also defined as the integration of local, regional or national economies into the international economy used by the rest of the world to conduct activities such as foreign investment, trade and money transfers (Sharma and Morrissey 2007). The driving forces of globalization around the world include technological factors where the introduction of new technological innovations within the international market drives g lobalization, economic factors where the economic growth of various countries around the world affects the rate of globalization and also political, socio-cultural factors where government and societal systems determine how the process of globalization will occur within various industries. In recent times however, the term has also come to include various factors such as language or communication barriers and the circulation of national ideas, (Bhagwati 2004). In general, globalization affects the world in various ways one of which is the industrialization of countries where the introduction of global markets that are able to foster worldwide production have been able to ensure that consumers are able to access various products and services within the international market. The emergence of international trade across borders has also been a strong indicator of globalization as well as the emergence of global financial markets. Financial markets have contributed significantly to consu mers being able to access borrowing facilities across international borders without necessarily having to revert to the home market. Another aspect that signifies the impact of globalization is the economic market where a common market that allows traders and sellers to buy or sell goods has enhances the interconnectedness of trade thereby increasing growth of international trade around the world (Pan and Donato 2007). The job market is also a strong indicator of globalization in the world as increased levels of competition within the labour market signify the strength of both national and international economies. Increased levels of competition ensure that workers are able to gain competitive salaries and wages which are now less dependent on the success or failure of national economies in the world. Other aspects that are used to provide an indication of globalization around the world include the political context where government policies are developed to foster globalization act ivities as well as competition amongst countries when it comes to the production of goods and services. Ecological factors are also important indicators of globalization especially when they are used to explain the global environmental challenges that are taking place around the world as a result of global warming (Croucher 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Impact of Globalization In the past few years, the international hotel and hospitality industry has been impacted by globalization and the various effects of globalization that exist in the various faucets of international industries around the world. Some of these effects have been notable from the fields of technology where the revolution of information technology and the introduction of various innovations have contributed in a significant way to globalization while the growth of economic integration has played a major role in the integration of suppliers within the international trade networks. The intensified competition especially within the hospitality industry has also contributed to the effects of globalization where the emergence of newer and innovative hotels creates a complex business landscape that is mostly influenced by the goings on of the global market. According to Brotherton (2003), many hotel managers are faced with the challenge of maintaining a competitive advantage against their rivals within the same industry to ensure for their profitability and survival. The impact of globalization in the international hotel industry has been both positive and negative where hospitality managers have been forced to invest in knowledge economies to balance their exploration and exploitation activities. The positive side of globalization is that hotel managers are forced to engage alternative modes of coordinating their production and transaction activities for the benefit of their emplo yees and clients while at the same time ensuring that they make strategic decisions which will be beneficial for the survival of the company in the dynamic hospitality market (Gross 2008). The negative side of globalization is that managers and marketers working within the hospitality industry have to keep on changing their tactics to ensure their products and services remain relevant to the changing consumer markets. In the event re-branding or re-stratification efforts fail, the hotel might lose its identity and image amongst its clients and also loss its position in the industry as a provider of various hospitality services and products (Brotherton 2003). One of the impacts or effects of globalization on the hospitality includes the aspect of asset evolution where hotels and companies operating within the international hospitality industry are able to liquidate their assets so that they can be able to meet the expectations of their shareholders and investors.Advertising We w ill write a custom essay sample on Professional Development and Contemporary Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Asset evolution impacts on the hospitality industry where hotels and companies are forced to maintain a bottom line-growth thereby sustaining the level of competition that exists within the industry. As mentioned earlier, the technological environment has played a major role in globalization and it therefore affects the activities and functions of the hospitality industry where hotels are forced to turn their assets and properties into more flexible hotel operations. This is meant to improve efficiency and effectiveness in many international hotels especially in the field of customer service that deals with room bookings, hotel reservations and cash payments. The labour market which is one of the strongest indicators of globalization has also impacted on the international hotel industry where the supply and demand of sk illed and professional labourers determines the general growth of the industry (Pan and Donato 2007). The international hospitality industry requires professional hospitality managers who possess the necessary skills and knowledge that will be used to capitalize on opportunities within the industry for the hotel’s advantage. The labour market ensures that a company is able to gain professionals who will adapt business operations to the changing economic realties in the global context. Government regulations have played a major role in the globalization of local, regional and national economies around the world where the liberalization of world markets determines the amount of international trade that will be conducted in various countries. Government regulations impact on the international hospitality industry where hotels are allowed some freedom when it comes to selecting the forces that will reduce business transaction costs as well as production costs that have continued to increase with fluctuating global economies (Kumar 2008). Key Influences driving Globalization in the Hotel Industry One of the major driving forces of globalization in the hospitality industry is cost effective methods of doing business where competitors are driven to operate across borders in search of cost effective and efficient methods of conducting hotel operations. Hotels that operate within the international industry have began to realize that the larger they grow in size, the fewer costs they will incur when it comes to producing goods and services for their customers. Many managers have also began to realize that operating within the international hospitality market increases their profit margins which means that the company is able to attract more investors and shareholders willing to invest in the company. Diversifying operations into the international markets allows many business managers to tap into tourist markets that have not been explored by the local and nationa l hotel industries (Brotherton 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another key influencing factor that drives globalization within the hospitality industry is global competition which has continued to increase over the past decade as more and more tourism and entertainment consumers become internationally oriented rather than national, local or regional consumers of hotel products/services. A continent that has exploited fully the globalization process taking place across the world is Europe where many of the countries that fall under the European Union have created tourism industries that are focused on the needs of both the international and local consumer. Hotels in countries such as France, Spain, Germany, Italy and Holland offer products that would meet the needs of both the local consumer and also the international tourist, language barriers side. The growth of the European Union has also played a significant role in the growth of the international hospitality industry in Europe where various hotels based in primal locations are able to compe te on a level playing field for international customers. While this increase in competition has been good for the industry overall, it has created a situation of critical mass where many hotels and tourism firms operate in Europe. Competition has forced many of the international hotels and firms operating within the continent to look for other areas to invest their businesses in so as to counter the effects of critical mass (Gu et al 2007). Global brands also drive globalization within the international hospitality industry where hotels are forced to design products and services that will meet the cultural, societal, ethnic, political and technological needs of the international customer (Gu et al 2007). Global brands differ from local brands in that they meet consumer expectations in a more diversified context while local brands meet the needs of local consumer. Globalised brands ensure that hotels operating within the international hospitality industry are able to market their ser vices to customers who are already agents of the globalization process since they are constantly moving from one country to another. International hotels that develop multicultural brands are able to appeal to a large number of customers who are heavily influenced by their ethnic beliefs and practices. Incorporating hints of multiculturalism also enables international tourists to experience some of the cultural offerings in existence within the host country (Kumar 2008). Barriers of Operating Across Borders A major barrier when it comes to establishing hotels in international countries is the organizational structure that the hotel’s management or hospitality company will incorporate in the host country. Hotels usually face an uphill task when it comes to deciding which organizational structures can be used across borders. Hotel managers are also faced with the challenge of determining whether these structures will ensure that the business is able to operate at maximum effici ency so as to meet customer service requirements set by the industry players. Every globalised country in the world lives by certain standards and values systems so when developing organizational structures, managers have to take into account the cultural, political and social systems that exist in the host country to ensure that their business operations do not interfere with them. Dubai which is one of the world’s most famed city for having many international hotels has been able to maintain its cultural practices where foreign countries interested in establishing hotels within the country have been forced to adapt organizational structures that take into account the predominant culture of the society in Dubai which is Islam. Employers who engage both international and local employees have to take into account their cultural differences when developing pyramid structures for management (Pan and Donato 2007). Access to global capital presents a major barrier to hotels operat ing across their own borders where hotels and industry firms interested in investment options within other countries experience difficulties because of the limited investment capital allocated to hotels and the hospitality industry in general. This can be attributed to the fact that the industry has not been fully accepted in many financial markets around the world and therefore hotel managers have to strive to demonstrate to investors and shareholders that they can be able to yield substantial gains on investment. Such a prerequisite presents a major challenge especially for hotels that wish to diversify their operations to the international market. These hotels have to demonstrate their ability to achieve positive returns on investor and shareholder contributions on an international scale rather than on a local or regional scale. Hotels that have been able to operate within the three major financial markets in the world; New York (NYSE), the London Stock Exchange market and the To kyo financial market have been considered to be globalised businesses within the international hospitality industry (Deresky 2008). As a result of multiculturalism, the work ethic in the host country where the hotel intends to operate in might be different from that of the parent country where for example employees who work for a cultural country such as Saudi Arabia might have to go to the mosque for prayers during midday. Because of the high level of customers most international hotels deal with, the manager might have to develop work duties that will ensure that the Muslim or Islamic employees are not inconvenienced in any way when attending to their prayers. Work ethics also becomes a significant factor when determining the optimum effectiveness and performance of employees within the hotel. As international hotels might deal with high multitudes of tourists especially during the peak seasons, managers have to determine the ethics and values of employees in the host country they are operating in so that they can be able to utilise these values for optimum results (Herrman and Lipsey 2003). Recommendations The most suitable solution that can be used by hotel managers who have decided to operate across borders will be to strike a balance between the cultural, social and political systems of both the parent and host company and also take into account the various global considerations of working in an international market. Decentralised organizational structures will ensure that the company is able to take into account all the work aspects of the host country without compromising on the overall goals and objectives of the hotel. The access to global capital can only be remedied by business plans that have taken into consideration the international customer’s changing needs and expectations. Managers who want to establish their businesses across the border have to develop sound business plans that will draw the necessary amount of investors into the plan . With regards to the barrier of work ethics, managers need to develop policies that will govern the operations of the international hotel in foreign countries to ensure the work values and ethics of employees have not been compromised. The study and discussion has been able to ascertain therefore that globalization has a significant impact on the operations of the international hotel industry. References Bhagwati, J., (2004). In defense of globalization. New York: Oxford University Press Brotherton, B., (2003) The international hospitality industry: structure, characteristics  and issues. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Croucher, S.L., (2004) Globalization and belonging: the politics of identity in a changing  world. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Deresky, H., (2008) International management: managing across borders and cultures.  New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall Gross, M., (2008) Tourism management. New York: Free Press Gu, J., Humphrey, J., and Messner, D., (2007) Global go vernance and developing countries: the implications of the rise of China. World Development, Vol.13, No.2, pp 274-292 Herrman, H., and Lipsey, R.E., (2003) Foreign direct investment in the real and financial  sector of industrial countries. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Heidelberg Kumar, P., (2008) Globalization: challenges for the developing world in the new  millennium. New Jersey: McGraw Hill Publishers Pan, Y., and Donato, R., (2007) The asymmetries of globalization. Oxford, UK: Routledge Publishers Sharma, K., and Morrissey, O., (2007) Trade, inequality and growth in the era of  globalization. Oxford, UK: Routledge Publishers This essay on Professional Development and Contemporary Issues was written and submitted by user Neveah K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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